{"id":761,"date":"2014-09-12T23:56:31","date_gmt":"2014-09-12T23:56:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/leebraden.net\/?page_id=761"},"modified":"2018-07-17T19:58:13","modified_gmt":"2018-07-17T09:58:13","slug":"australian-politics-and-government","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/leebraden.net\/?page_id=761","title":{"rendered":"Australian Politics and Government"},"content":{"rendered":"

An Introduction to Australian Politics and Government<\/strong> <\/em>providing access to the Australian Commonwealth Constitution Act<\/em>, Quick and Garran’s Commentaries on the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia <\/em>(from the University of Sydney library), and my own notes on Nick Economou<\/a>‘s lectures on Australian Politics.<\/p>\n

AustralianCommonwealthConstitutionAct<\/a><\/p>\n

Quick and Garran – Annotated Australian Constitution – fed0014<\/a><\/p>\n

Sir Gerard Brennan’s Lecture\u00a0A Pathway To A Republic,\u00a0<\/em>on constitutional change, including recognition of Australia’s\u00a0Indigenous people:\u00a0Gerard Brennan’s Lecture<\/a><\/p>\n

I have also created posts on my own idea of\u00a0social justice<\/a>, and the insidious application of the concept of\u00a0terra nullius<\/em><\/a>\u00a0in the Australian context.<\/p>\n

The following are my comprehensive notes\u00a0based on the 2010 Monash University lectures of Dr. Nick Economou on Australian government and politics. Since I created these notes\u00a0there have been major changes with the prevailing governments in Canberra, but the history of our political system and the processes of government remain largely unchanged. This is a very useful primer for the political science student, not only in the Australian political system and its history, but in the machinations of Australian\u00a0systems of government:<\/p>\n

Contents:<\/strong><\/div>\n

1 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Introduction<\/a><\/p>\n

2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Classical Democracy<\/a><\/p>\n

3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Modern Democracy<\/a><\/p>\n

4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Liberal Democracy<\/a><\/p>\n

4.1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Constitution<\/a><\/p>\n

4.2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Revolutions<\/a><\/p>\n

4.3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Liberalism<\/a><\/p>\n

5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Australian Constitution<\/a><\/p>\n

5.1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Federations and Federalism<\/a><\/p>\n

5.2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Reasons for federation<\/a><\/p>\n

5.3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Federation \u2013 defined<\/a><\/p>\n

5.4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Constitution \u2013 defined<\/a><\/p>\n

5.5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Changing the Constitution<\/a><\/p>\n

5.6\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The American model<\/a><\/p>\n

5.7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Senate – defined<\/a><\/p>\n

5.8\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Liberal democracy – defined<\/a><\/p>\n

5.9\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Parliamentary Bicameralism<\/a><\/p>\n

5.10\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Separation of powers<\/a><\/p>\n

5.11\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Crown<\/a><\/p>\n

5.12 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What the Constitution does<\/a><\/p>\n

5.13 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Why federate?<\/a><\/p>\n

6\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Westminster System<\/a><\/p>\n

6.1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Constraint of powers<\/a><\/p>\n

6.2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 State and national constitutions<\/a><\/p>\n

6.3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Westminster System<\/a><\/p>\n

6.4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Executive-in-council<\/a><\/p>\n

6.5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Conventions<\/a><\/p>\n

6.6\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 S.96 \u2013 Financial assistance for the states<\/a><\/p>\n

6.7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 S.92 – Nationalisation<\/a><\/p>\n

6.8\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Constitutionalism<\/a><\/p>\n

6.9\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Upper house tenure<\/a><\/p>\n

6.10\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 S.53 \u2013 The Senate and tax bills<\/a><\/p>\n

6.11\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 S.57 – The double dissolution and joint sitting provision<\/a><\/p>\n

6.12\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 S. 5 – The role of the Governor-General \u2013 Reserve Powers<\/a><\/p>\n

6.13\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What the Australian Constitution does NOT provide for<\/a><\/p>\n

6.14\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 No Parliamentary Sovereignty in Australia<\/a><\/p>\n

7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Westminster System<\/a>\u00a0 p.II<\/p>\n

7.1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Responsible Government<\/a><\/p>\n

7.2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Appropriation bills<\/a><\/p>\n

7.3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Motions of no confidence<\/a><\/p>\n

7.4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ministerial Responsibility<\/a><\/p>\n

7.5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Collective Responsibility<\/a><\/p>\n

7.6\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cabinet<\/a><\/p>\n

7.7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cabinet secrecy<\/a><\/p>\n

7.8\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 FOI<\/a><\/p>\n

7.9\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Westminster Model<\/a><\/p>\n

7.10\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Westminster Cabinet<\/a><\/p>\n

7.11\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Westminster \u2013 the Australian approach<\/a><\/p>\n

7.12 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Australian Model<\/a><\/p>\n

8\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Dismissal \u2013 1<\/a><\/p>\n

8.1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The 1975 Constitutional Crisis \u2013 11 November 1975<\/a><\/p>\n

8.2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 How Parliamentary legislation is made<\/a><\/p>\n

8.3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 S.57 Australian convention<\/a><\/p>\n

8.4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Political background to the crisis<\/a><\/p>\n

8.5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Controversies in Australian Westminster practice<\/a><\/p>\n

8.6\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The 1975 Constitutional Crisis \u2013 Political background<\/a><\/p>\n

8.7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 72 and 74 elections \u2013 Senate obstructionism<\/a><\/p>\n

8.8\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Overuse of S.96 to force State compliance<\/a><\/p>\n

8.9\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 S.15 \u2013 Replacement for casual Senate vacancy<\/a><\/p>\n

9\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Dismissal – 2<\/a><\/p>\n

9.1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1975 Summary<\/a><\/p>\n

9.2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Constitution versus convention<\/a><\/p>\n

9.3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Kerr prorogues the Parliament<\/a><\/p>\n

9.4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kerr’s argument<\/a><\/p>\n

9.5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1977 \u2013 Change of Constitution<\/a><\/p>\n

9.6\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Use of S.96 to circumvent S.51<\/a><\/p>\n

9.7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Problems of the Whitlam Government<\/a><\/p>\n

9.8\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 High Court of Australia and pre-emptive \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0constitutional advice<\/a><\/p>\n

9.9\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Fundamentals in dispute<\/a><\/p>\n

9.10\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Changes since \u201875<\/a><\/p>\n

10\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Public Service 1<\/a><\/p>\n

10.1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The importance of the Public Service<\/a><\/p>\n

11\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Public Service 2<\/a><\/p>\n

11.1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 As an example of Westminster Public Service<\/a><\/p>\n

11.2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The difference between the public service and the public sector<\/a><\/p>\n

11.3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Permanent Career Service<\/a><\/p>\n

11.4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Statutory Authorities<\/a><\/p>\n

11.5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Permanent departmental heads<\/a><\/p>\n

11.6\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The American model<\/a><\/p>\n

11.7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Separation of powers<\/a><\/p>\n

11.8\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Hawke\u2019s model – 1987<\/a><\/p>\n

11.9\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 SES \u2013 Senior Executive Service<\/a><\/p>\n

11.10\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2018Children Overboard\u2019 & AWB affairs<\/a><\/p>\n

11.11\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ministerial Advisers<\/a><\/p>\n

11.12\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The conventions of Westminster and the Public Service<\/a><\/p>\n

12\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Public Service 3<\/a><\/p>\n

12.1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Reforms to the Public Service by the Hawke government<\/a><\/p>\n

12.2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Statutory Corporations<\/a><\/p>\n

12.3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Problems with Public Service and Westminster: disparities in power<\/a><\/p>\n

12.4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Reforms to the Public Service<\/a><\/p>\n

13\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Electoral Systems<\/a><\/p>\n

13.1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Compulsory voting<\/a><\/p>\n

13.2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The importance of elections:<\/a><\/p>\n

13.3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Elections in Australia: legal basis:<\/a><\/p>\n

13.4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 allocation of seats<\/a><\/p>\n

13.5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Constitution and elections<\/a><\/p>\n

13.6\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Electoral Act of 1918<\/a><\/p>\n

13.7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Electoral boundaries<\/a><\/p>\n

13.8\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Gerrymandering and malapportionment<\/a><\/p>\n

13.9\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Preferential Voting (Alternative Vote). Majoritarian systems<\/a><\/p>\n

13.10\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Electoral boundaries<\/a><\/p>\n

14\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Electoral System<\/a><\/p>\n

14.1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Preferential voting<\/a><\/p>\n

14.2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 How to count a Preferential Vote Election<\/a><\/p>\n

14.3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Two Party Vote (TPV)<\/a><\/p>\n

14.4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Counting preferential elections: McMillan \u2013 1972<\/a><\/p>\n

14.5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The two-party vote versus the primary vote<\/a><\/p>\n

14.6\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Proportional Representation<\/a><\/p>\n

14.7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Relationship of Representation to Vote: Proportional Systems<\/a><\/p>\n

15\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Electoral Behaviour<\/a><\/p>\n

15.1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Senate system<\/a><\/p>\n

15.2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Half-Senate elections<\/a><\/p>\n

15.3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Double dissolution<\/a><\/p>\n

15.4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Hawke reforms \u2013 the Group Ticket Vote<\/a><\/p>\n

15.5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Parties<\/a><\/p>\n

15.6\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 How Family First\u2019s Fielding won a Senate seat<\/a><\/p>\n

15.7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Effect of minor parties on the major party vote<\/a><\/p>\n

15.8\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Electoral Behaviour<\/a><\/p>\n

15.9\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Voting Behaviour: Australian federal elections<\/a><\/p>\n

15.10\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Electoral behaviour and political sociology:<\/a><\/p>\n

15.11\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Social cleavage and the party system<\/a><\/p>\n

15.12\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Mackerras election pendulum<\/a><\/p>\n

16\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Political Parties 1<\/a><\/p>\n

16.1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Major parties – overview<\/a><\/p>\n

16.2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Definitions<\/a><\/p>\n

16.3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Three party system<\/a><\/p>\n

16.4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Constitutional references<\/a><\/p>\n

16.5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sartori on factions<\/a><\/p>\n

16.6\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Key functions of the parties<\/a><\/p>\n

16.7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Recruiting individuals to the organisation<\/a><\/p>\n

16.8\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Policy debate<\/a><\/p>\n

16.9\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The glorious workers’ party \u2013 The Australian Labor Party<\/a><\/p>\n

16.10\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Australian Labor Party – History<\/a><\/p>\n

16.11\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ALP origins; key dates<\/a><\/p>\n

17\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Political Parties 2<\/a><\/p>\n

17.1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 British election results \u2013 May 2010<\/a><\/p>\n

17.2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ALP national governments<\/a><\/p>\n

17.3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Australian Labor Party \u2013 organisational structure<\/a><\/p>\n

17.4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ALP organisational politics: key features<\/a><\/p>\n

17.5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ALP National Conference: evolution<\/a><\/p>\n

17.6\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Labor factionalism:<\/a><\/p>\n

17.6\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Labor and organisational politics<\/a><\/p>\n

17.7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Labor and the policy debate<\/a><\/p>\n

18\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Political Parties 3<\/a><\/p>\n

18.1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Labor \u2013 summing up<\/a><\/p>\n

18.2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Labor\u2019s three factions<\/a><\/p>\n

18.3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What does Labor stand for?<\/a><\/p>\n

18.4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Liberal Party<\/a><\/p>\n

18.5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Liberal party: main themes<\/a><\/p>\n

18.6\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Evolution of the non-Labor parties<\/a><\/p>\n

18.7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The creation of the Liberal party: process<\/a><\/p>\n

18.8\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Liberal party organisation: key points<\/a><\/p>\n

18.9\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Liberal party: growth, consolidation and success<\/a><\/p>\n

18.10\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Liberal party and intra-party politics<\/a><\/p>\n

18.11\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Liberal Party: contemporary factionalism<\/a><\/p>\n

18.12\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Liberal party: party ideas<\/a><\/p>\n

19\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Liberal Party<\/a><\/p>\n

19.1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Liberal Party of Australia: Organisation<\/a><\/p>\n

19.2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Geographic specificity \u2013 Free Traders v Protectionists<\/a><\/p>\n

19.3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Affiliation of external associations<\/a><\/p>\n

19.4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 State Council and Federal Council<\/a><\/p>\n

19.5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Federal and state directors<\/a><\/p>\n

19.5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Party Room Meeting (aka \u2018caucusing\u2019)<\/a><\/p>\n

19.6\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Intra-party politics<\/a><\/p>\n

19.7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 division over philosophies<\/a><\/p>\n

19.8\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2018wets\u2019 and \u2018dries\u2019<\/a><\/p>\n

20\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Country Party<\/a><\/p>\n

20.1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 John \u2018Black Jack\u2019 McEwan<\/a><\/p>\n

20.2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Joh Bjelke-Petersen<\/a><\/p>\n

20.3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Lower house seats<\/a><\/p>\n

20.4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Balance of power<\/a><\/p>\n

20.5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Coalition<\/a><\/p>\n

20.6\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Doug Anthony<\/a><\/p>\n

20.7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tim Fischer<\/a><\/p>\n

20.8\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 One Nation and the demise of the NP in Queensland<\/a><\/p>\n

20.9\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Country Party: origins<\/a><\/p>\n

20.10\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Country Party and Preferential Voting<\/a><\/p>\n

20.11\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Practical outcomes oriented<\/a><\/p>\n

20.12\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 State intervention<\/a><\/p>\n

20.13\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Beginning of coalition politics<\/a><\/p>\n

20.14\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Significant dates<\/a><\/p>\n

20.15\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Country Party \u2013 Labor coalition in Victoria<\/a><\/p>\n

20.16\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Evolution of the Country Party; National Party name<\/a><\/p>\n

20.17\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Nationals and the electoral system<\/a><\/p>\n

20.18\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Regional specificity<\/a><\/p>\n

20.19\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Coalition agreement<\/a><\/p>\n

20.20\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Themes and issues in internal party politics<\/a><\/p>\n

20.21\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Themes and issues in internal party politics<\/a><\/p>\n

20.22\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Difficult Years<\/a><\/p>\n

21\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Minor Parties 1<\/a><\/p>\n

21.1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 General principles<\/a><\/p>\n

21.2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Minor parties defined<\/a><\/p>\n

21.3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Duverger\u2019s Law<\/a><\/p>\n

21.4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The \u2018minor party\u2019 system: some core themes<\/a><\/p>\n

21.5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Australian Democrats<\/a><\/p>\n

21.6\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The green parties: WA Greens, Tasmanian Greens, the Greens<\/a><\/p>\n

21.7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 One Nation: a special case<\/a><\/p>\n

21.8\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Minor parties: some conclusions<\/a><\/p>\n

21.9\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Australian Democrats<\/a><\/p>\n

21.10\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Democratic Labor Party (DLP)<\/a><\/p>\n

22\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Minor Parties<\/a><\/p>\n

23\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Interest groups<\/a><\/p>\n

23.1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Interest Group politics: overview<\/a><\/p>\n

23.2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Interest group theory: basic themes<\/a><\/p>\n

23.3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Interest groups: typologies<\/a><\/p>\n

23.4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Interest group politics and political theory: the state, democracy and power<\/a><\/p>\n

23.5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Theories of interest groups and power: Pluralism<\/a><\/p>\n

23.6\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pluralism\u2019s Critics<\/a><\/p>\n

23.7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Interests Groups – Conclusion<\/a><\/p>\n

Back to top<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

1 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Introduction<\/strong><\/em><\/h1>\n

The USA was the first Liberal Democracy, followed closely by Australia.
\nThe first form of Australian government was military (martial), autocratic, and hierarchic (Governor \/ soldiers).
\nBy 1855 (marked by the end of \u2018Transportation\u2019), all the colonies (original states) had parliamentary government (Responsible Government).
\nThe date of Federation was January 1st, 1901<\/p>\n

The Civil Government was comprised of:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n